The Influence of Climate Change and Variability on Spatio-Temporal Rainfall and Temperature Distribution in Zanzibar

Climate change has resulted in serious social-economic ramifications and extremely catastrophic weather events the world, Tanzania Zanzibar particular, with adaptation being only option to reduce impacts. The study focuses on influence of climate variability spatio-temporal rainfall temperature distribution Zanzibar. station observation datasets rainfall, Tmax Tmin acquired from Meteorological Authority (TMA) Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment program (CORDEX) projected model HIRHAM5 under driving ICHEC-EC-EARH, for three periods 1991-2020 used as baseline (HS), 2021-2050 near future (NF) 2051-2080 far (FF), two representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 8.5, were used. long-term observed produce time series observing nature trends, while data was understanding wet dry periods, trends slope (at p ≤ 0.05) using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) Mann Kendall test (MK). Moreover, Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation techniques mapping decades 1991-2000 (hereafter D1), 2001-2010 D2) 2011-2020 D3) analyze periodical spatial As Data Operator Commands (CDO), python scripts Grid analysis Display (GrADS) soft-wares process display results HS, NF FF, respectively. show that increased by rates 0.035℃ yr-1 0.0169℃ yr-1, a rate 0.064℃ 0.104℃ Unguja Pemba, temporal wetness dryness indices showed shift normal moderate during 2005 at Airport, moderately conditions, Pemba Matangatuani. decadal distributions revealed higher intensity an increasing trend good D3 March May (MAM) October December (OND). MAM OND depicted values ranging 1.7℃ - 1.8℃ 1.9℃ 2.0℃ 1.5℃ FF compared both RCPs. Also, 1.12℃ 1.16℃ Besides, projection generally range 0 25 mm declined 50 RCPs perspectives FF. Conclusively shown undergoing posed significant impact (Unguja Pemba), have deficits strengths Pemba. Thus, calls more studies formulation effective adaptation, strategies resilience mechanisms combat impacts especially agricultural sector, water food security.